JSON zu Dart: Vollständiger Flutter Model-Klassen Guide

Die Konvertierung von JSON in Dart Model-Klassen ist eine der häufigsten Aufgaben in der Flutter-Entwicklung.

Warum Model-Klassen

Grundlegende JSON-zu-Dart-Typzuordnung

Manuelle Model-Klasse (fromJson / toJson)

Der einfachste Ansatz ist, Model-Klassen von Hand zu schreiben:

// JSON input
{
  "id": 1,
  "name": "John Doe",
  "email": "john@example.com",
  "isActive": true,
  "score": 95.5
}

// Dart model class
class User {
  final int id;
  final String name;
  final String email;
  final bool isActive;
  final double score;

  User({
    required this.id,
    required this.name,
    required this.email,
    required this.isActive,
    required this.score,
  });

  factory User.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
    return User(
      id: json['id'] as int,
      name: json['name'] as String,
      email: json['email'] as String,
      isActive: json['isActive'] as bool,
      score: (json['score'] as num).toDouble(),
    );
  }

  Map<String, dynamic> toJson() {
    return {
      'id': id,
      'name': name,
      'email': email,
      'isActive': isActive,
      'score': score,
    };
  }
}

Verschachtelte Objekte behandeln

Erstellen Sie separate Dart-Klassen für jede Verschachtelungsebene:

// JSON with nested object
{
  "id": 1,
  "name": "John",
  "address": {
    "street": "123 Main St",
    "city": "Springfield",
    "zipCode": "62701"
  }
}

// Dart classes
class Address {
  final String street;
  final String city;
  final String zipCode;

  Address({required this.street, required this.city, required this.zipCode});

  factory Address.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
    return Address(
      street: json['street'] as String,
      city: json['city'] as String,
      zipCode: json['zipCode'] as String,
    );
  }

  Map<String, dynamic> toJson() => {
    'street': street, 'city': city, 'zipCode': zipCode,
  };
}

class User {
  final int id;
  final String name;
  final Address address;

  User({required this.id, required this.name, required this.address});

  factory User.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
    return User(
      id: json['id'] as int,
      name: json['name'] as String,
      address: Address.fromJson(json['address'] as Map<String, dynamic>),
    );
  }

  Map<String, dynamic> toJson() => {
    'id': id, 'name': name, 'address': address.toJson(),
  };
}

Listen und Arrays behandeln

JSON-Arrays werden zu Dart-List-Typen:

// JSON with arrays
{
  "name": "John",
  "hobbies": ["coding", "reading", "gaming"],
  "orders": [
    {"id": 1, "product": "Laptop", "price": 999.99},
    {"id": 2, "product": "Mouse", "price": 29.99}
  ]
}

// Dart
class User {
  final String name;
  final List<String> hobbies;
  final List<Order> orders;

  User({required this.name, required this.hobbies, required this.orders});

  factory User.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
    return User(
      name: json['name'] as String,
      hobbies: List<String>.from(json['hobbies'] as List),
      orders: (json['orders'] as List)
          .map((e) => Order.fromJson(e as Map<String, dynamic>))
          .toList(),
    );
  }
}

Null Safety Best Practices

Mit Darts Null Safety müssen nullable Felder korrekt behandelt werden:

• Verwenden Sie `required` für Pflichtfelder
• Verwenden Sie `?` für nullable Typen
• Standardwerte mit `??` bereitstellen
• `late` nur verwenden wenn Initialisierung sicher ist

class User {
  final int id;
  final String name;
  final String? bio;        // nullable
  final String avatarUrl;   // with default

  User({
    required this.id,
    required this.name,
    this.bio,
    this.avatarUrl = 'https://example.com/default-avatar.png',
  });

  factory User.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
    return User(
      id: json['id'] as int,
      name: json['name'] as String,
      bio: json['bio'] as String?,
      avatarUrl: json['avatarUrl'] as String? ?? 'https://example.com/default-avatar.png',
    );
  }
}

json_serializable verwenden

Für größere Projekte automatisiert json_serializable den Boilerplate-Code:

Schritt 1: Dependencies hinzufügen

# pubspec.yaml
dependencies:
  json_annotation: ^4.8.1

dev_dependencies:
  json_serializable: ^6.7.1
  build_runner: ^2.4.6

Schritt 2: Model mit Annotationen erstellen

import 'package:json_annotation/json_annotation.dart';

part 'user.g.dart';

@JsonSerializable()
class User {
  final int id;
  final String name;
  final String email;

  @JsonKey(name: 'is_active')
  final bool isActive;

  @JsonKey(defaultValue: 0.0)
  final double score;

  User({
    required this.id,
    required this.name,
    required this.email,
    required this.isActive,
    required this.score,
  });

  factory User.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) => _$UserFromJson(json);
  Map<String, dynamic> toJson() => _$UserToJson(this);
}

Schritt 3: Build Runner ausführen

dart run build_runner build --delete-conflicting-outputs

Freezed für unveränderliche Models

Das freezed-Paket generiert unveränderliche Klassen mit copyWith und JSON-Serialisierung:

import 'package:freezed_annotation/freezed_annotation.dart';

part 'user.freezed.dart';
part 'user.g.dart';

@freezed
class User with _$User {
  const factory User({
    required int id,
    required String name,
    required String email,
    @Default(false) bool isActive,
  }) = _User;

  factory User.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) => _$UserFromJson(json);
}

Häufige Fehler und Lösungen

FAQ