Los códigos de estado HTTP son números de tres dígitos devueltos por un servidor. Esta referencia completa de códigos HTTP cubre todos los códigos que encontrarás en la práctica.
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1xx — Informativo
El servidor recibió la solicitud y sigue procesándola.
| Code | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
100 | Continue | The server has received the request headers. The client should proceed to send the body. Used with Expect: 100-continue header. |
101 | Switching Protocols | The server is switching protocols as requested by the client (e.g., upgrading to WebSocket). |
102 | Processing | The server is processing the request but has not completed it yet (WebDAV). |
103 | Early Hints | Used to return some response headers before the final response. Allows preloading resources with Link headers. |
2xx — Éxito
La categoría más común. La solicitud fue procesada exitosamente.
| Code | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
200 | OK | The standard success response. Meaning depends on the method: GET returns the resource, POST returns the result of the action. |
201 | Created | A new resource was successfully created. Should include a Location header with the URL of the new resource. |
202 | Accepted | The request has been accepted for processing, but processing is not yet complete. Great for async operations. |
204 | No Content | Success, but there is no content to return. Common for DELETE operations and PUT updates. |
206 | Partial Content | The server is delivering only part of the resource due to a Range header. Used for resumable downloads and video streaming. |
3xx — Redirección
El cliente necesita realizar una acción adicional.
| Code | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
301 | Moved Permanently | The resource has permanently moved to a new URL. Search engines transfer ranking to the new URL. Use for permanent URL changes. |
302 | Found | Temporary redirect. The original URL should still be used for future requests. Search engines keep indexing the original. |
303 | See Other | The response to the request can be found at another URL using GET. Often used after POST to redirect to a result page. |
304 | Not Modified | The resource hasn't changed since the last request. The client should use its cached version. Saves bandwidth. |
307 | Temporary Redirect | Like 302, but guarantees the HTTP method won't change. A POST stays a POST after redirect. |
308 | Permanent Redirect | Like 301, but guarantees the HTTP method won't change. Preferred over 301 for API redirects. |
4xx — Errores del cliente
El problema está del lado del cliente.
| Code | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
400 | Bad Request | The server cannot process the request due to malformed syntax, invalid parameters, or missing required fields. |
401 | Unauthorized | Authentication is required. The request lacks valid credentials (token, API key, or session). |
403 | Forbidden | The server understood the request but refuses to authorize it. The user is authenticated but lacks permission. |
404 | Not Found | The requested resource could not be found. Check the URL for typos or verify the resource exists. |
405 | Method Not Allowed | The HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.) is not supported for this resource. Check allowed methods in the Allow header. |
408 | Request Timeout | The server timed out waiting for the request. The client can retry. |
409 | Conflict | The request conflicts with the current state of the resource. Common with duplicate entries or version conflicts. |
410 | Gone | The resource is permanently gone and will not be available again. Unlike 404, this is intentional and permanent. |
413 | Payload Too Large | The request body exceeds the server's size limit. Common with file uploads. |
415 | Unsupported Media Type | The server doesn't support the request's Content-Type. Ensure you're sending the correct format (JSON, form-data, etc.). |
418 | I'm a Teapot | An April Fools' joke from RFC 2324. The server refuses to brew coffee because it is, permanently, a teapot. |
422 | Unprocessable Entity | The request is well-formed but contains semantic errors. Common for validation failures in APIs. |
429 | Too Many Requests | Rate limit exceeded. Check the Retry-After header for when to retry. |
451 | Unavailable For Legal Reasons | The resource is blocked due to legal reasons (censorship, GDPR, court order). Named after Fahrenheit 451. |
5xx — Errores del servidor
El servidor no pudo completar la solicitud.
| Code | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
500 | Internal Server Error | A generic server error. Check server logs for the actual error. Never expose stack traces to clients in production. |
501 | Not Implemented | The server does not support the functionality required to fulfill the request (e.g., an unimplemented API endpoint). |
502 | Bad Gateway | The server, acting as a gateway/proxy, received an invalid response from the upstream server. Check if your backend is running. |
503 | Service Unavailable | The server is temporarily unable to handle the request (overloaded or down for maintenance). Should include Retry-After header. |
504 | Gateway Timeout | The gateway/proxy did not receive a timely response from the upstream server. Common with slow database queries or external API calls. |
Mejores prácticas para códigos API
El código correcto hace tu API más intuitiva.
// REST API Status Code Guidelines
// Creating a resource
POST /api/users → 201 Created (with Location header)
// Successful read
GET /api/users/123 → 200 OK
// Successful update
PUT /api/users/123 → 200 OK (with updated resource)
PATCH /api/users/123 → 200 OK
// Successful delete
DELETE /api/users/123 → 204 No Content
// Validation error
POST /api/users (invalid data) → 422 Unprocessable Entity
{
"error": "Validation failed",
"details": [
{ "field": "email", "message": "Invalid email format" }
]
}
// Authentication required
GET /api/admin → 401 Unauthorized
{ "error": "Authentication required" }
// No permission
GET /api/admin (as regular user) → 403 Forbidden
{ "error": "Insufficient permissions" }
// Resource not found
GET /api/users/999 → 404 Not Found
{ "error": "User not found" }
// Rate limit exceeded
GET /api/search → 429 Too Many Requests
Retry-After: 60
{ "error": "Rate limit exceeded", "retry_after": 60 }Escenarios comunes de depuración
Los códigos HTTP son tu primera pista al depurar.
CORS Errors (Browser shows "blocked by CORS")
The browser blocks the request, but the actual HTTP status may be hidden. Check server logs. Ensure your server sends the correct Access-Control-Allow-Origin, Access-Control-Allow-Methods, and Access-Control-Allow-Headers headers.
502 Bad Gateway on Deployment
Your reverse proxy (Nginx, Cloudflare) can't reach your application server. Check: Is the app process running? Is it listening on the correct port? Are there firewall rules blocking the connection?
# Check if your app is running
ps aux | grep node
# Check if it's listening on the expected port
netstat -tlnp | grep 3000
# Check Nginx error logs
tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log504 Gateway Timeout
The upstream server is too slow. Common causes: slow database queries, external API timeouts, or large file processing. Solutions: optimize queries, add timeouts to external calls, use background jobs for heavy tasks.
429 Rate Limiting
// Implementing exponential backoff in JavaScript
async function fetchWithRetry(url, maxRetries = 3) {
for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
const response = await fetch(url);
if (response.status !== 429) return response;
const retryAfter = response.headers.get('Retry-After');
const delay = retryAfter
? parseInt(retryAfter) * 1000
: Math.pow(2, i) * 1000; // 1s, 2s, 4s
await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, delay));
}
throw new Error('Max retries exceeded');
}Preguntas frecuentes
¿Diferencia entre 401 y 403?
401 = falta autenticación. 403 = autenticado pero sin permisos.
¿Cuándo usar 200 vs 201?
200 para solicitudes exitosas, 201 al crear un nuevo recurso.
¿Qué significa 418?
Una broma del 1 de abril de 1998. El servidor es una tetera.
¿301 vs 302 para SEO?
301 = permanente (transfiere SEO). 302 = temporal.
¿Cómo manejar 429?
Revisar Retry-After e implementar backoff exponencial.
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