AWS S3 per Sviluppatori: Upload, URL Prefirmate, Policy e CloudFront

Amazon S3 è la spina dorsale dell'archiviazione file per milioni di applicazioni. Questa guida copre il SDK S3, le URL prefirmate, le policy dei bucket e l'integrazione con CloudFront.

Basi di S3: bucket e oggetti

S3 memorizza i dati come oggetti all'interno dei bucket.

S3 Core Concepts:
  Bucket     — Top-level container (globally unique name, tied to a region)
  Object     — A file stored in a bucket (up to 5TB per object)
  Key        — The object's path/name: "uploads/2026/user-123/photo.jpg"
  Prefix     — Virtual folder: "uploads/2026/" (S3 has no real folders)
  Region     — Where the bucket lives: us-east-1, eu-west-1, ap-southeast-1

Storage Classes:
  Standard              — Frequently accessed data, 99.99% availability
  Standard-IA           — Infrequent access, lower cost, retrieval fee
  One Zone-IA           — Lower cost, single AZ (no cross-AZ replication)
  Intelligent-Tiering   — Auto-move between tiers based on access patterns
  Glacier Instant       — Archive with millisecond retrieval
  Glacier Flexible      — Archive with minutes-to-hours retrieval
  Glacier Deep Archive  — Cheapest storage, 12-48h retrieval

Caricamento file con AWS SDK v3

AWS SDK v3 utilizza un design modulare per ridurre le dimensioni del bundle.

// AWS SDK v3 — File Upload to S3

import {
  S3Client,
  PutObjectCommand,
  GetObjectCommand,
  DeleteObjectCommand,
  ListObjectsV2Command,
} from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';
import { Upload } from '@aws-sdk/lib-storage'; // For multipart upload
import { fromEnv } from '@aws-sdk/credential-providers';

const s3 = new S3Client({
  region: process.env.AWS_REGION || 'us-east-1',
  credentials: fromEnv(), // Reads AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
});

const BUCKET = process.env.S3_BUCKET_NAME!;

// 1. Simple upload (files < 5MB)
async function uploadFile(key: string, file: Buffer, contentType: string) {
  const command = new PutObjectCommand({
    Bucket: BUCKET,
    Key: key,           // e.g., 'uploads/2026/user-123/avatar.jpg'
    Body: file,
    ContentType: contentType,
    // Optional: set cache headers
    CacheControl: 'max-age=31536000',
    // Optional: make publicly readable
    // ACL: 'public-read',
    // Optional: custom metadata
    Metadata: {
      'uploaded-by': 'server',
      'original-name': 'avatar.jpg',
    },
  });

  const result = await s3.send(command);
  return {
    url: `https://${BUCKET}.s3.amazonaws.com/${key}`,
    etag: result.ETag,
    versionId: result.VersionId,
  };
}

// 2. Multipart upload for large files (recommended for > 100MB)
async function uploadLargeFile(key: string, stream: NodeJS.ReadableStream, contentType: string) {
  const upload = new Upload({
    client: s3,
    params: {
      Bucket: BUCKET,
      Key: key,
      Body: stream,
      ContentType: contentType,
    },
    partSize: 10 * 1024 * 1024, // 10 MB parts
    queueSize: 4,                // 4 concurrent uploads
  });

  upload.on('httpUploadProgress', (progress) => {
    console.log(`Uploaded: ${progress.loaded}/${progress.total} bytes`);
  });

  return upload.done();
}

URL prefirmate per upload diretti sicuri

Le URL prefirmate permettono ai client di caricare direttamente su S3 senza passare per il server.

// Presigned URLs — Direct Browser-to-S3 Upload

import { getSignedUrl } from '@aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner';
import { PutObjectCommand, GetObjectCommand } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';
import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';

// Generate presigned upload URL (browser uploads directly to S3)
async function generateUploadUrl(
  fileName: string,
  fileType: string,
  userId: string
) {
  const key = `uploads/${userId}/${randomUUID()}-${fileName}`;

  const command = new PutObjectCommand({
    Bucket: BUCKET,
    Key: key,
    ContentType: fileType,
    // Optional: limit file size with Content-Length condition
    // This must be enforced server-side with a policy
  });

  const signedUrl = await getSignedUrl(s3, command, {
    expiresIn: 15 * 60, // 15 minutes
  });

  return {
    uploadUrl: signedUrl,
    key,             // Return key so client can reference the uploaded file
    expiresIn: 900,  // seconds
  };
}

// Express.js endpoint
app.post('/api/upload-url', authenticate, async (req, res) => {
  const { fileName, fileType, fileSize } = req.body;

  // Validate file type and size on server
  const allowedTypes = ['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/webp', 'application/pdf'];
  if (!allowedTypes.includes(fileType)) {
    return res.status(400).json({ error: 'File type not allowed' });
  }
  if (fileSize > 10 * 1024 * 1024) {  // 10 MB limit
    return res.status(400).json({ error: 'File too large' });
  }

  const { uploadUrl, key } = await generateUploadUrl(fileName, fileType, req.user.id);
  res.json({ uploadUrl, key });
});

// Client-side: use the presigned URL to upload
async function uploadToS3(file, presignedUrl) {
  const response = await fetch(presignedUrl, {
    method: 'PUT',
    body: file,
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': file.type,
    },
  });

  if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Upload failed');
  return response;
}

Integrazione CloudFront CDN

CloudFront è il CDN di AWS che memorizza nella cache i contenuti S3 a livello globale.

// CloudFront + S3 Setup

// 1. Bucket policy to allow CloudFront (Origin Access Control)
const bucketPolicy = {
  Version: '2012-10-17',
  Statement: [
    {
      Sid: 'AllowCloudFrontServicePrincipal',
      Effect: 'Allow',
      Principal: {
        Service: 'cloudfront.amazonaws.com',
      },
      Action: 's3:GetObject',
      Resource: `arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/*`,
      Condition: {
        StringEquals: {
          'AWS:SourceArn': 'arn:aws:cloudfront::123456789:distribution/ABCDEF123456',
        },
      },
    },
  ],
};

// 2. Generate signed URLs for private CloudFront content
import { getSignedUrl } from '@aws-sdk/cloudfront-signer';

function generateCloudFrontSignedUrl(key: string, expirySeconds = 3600) {
  const url = `https://${process.env.CLOUDFRONT_DOMAIN}/${key}`;
  const expiryDate = new Date();
  expiryDate.setSeconds(expiryDate.getSeconds() + expirySeconds);

  return getSignedUrl({
    url,
    keyPairId: process.env.CLOUDFRONT_KEY_PAIR_ID!,
    privateKey: process.env.CLOUDFRONT_PRIVATE_KEY!,
    dateLessThan: expiryDate.toISOString(),
  });
}

// 3. Invalidate CloudFront cache when S3 objects change
import { CloudFrontClient, CreateInvalidationCommand } from '@aws-sdk/client-cloudfront';

const cloudfront = new CloudFrontClient({ region: 'us-east-1' });

async function invalidateCache(paths: string[]) {
  const command = new CreateInvalidationCommand({
    DistributionId: process.env.CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_ID!,
    InvalidationBatch: {
      CallerReference: Date.now().toString(),
      Paths: {
        Quantity: paths.length,
        Items: paths.map(p => `/${p}`),
      },
    },
  });

  return cloudfront.send(command);
}

// Usage: invalidate a specific file after update
await invalidateCache(['uploads/profile-pictures/user-123.jpg']);
// Wildcard: invalidate all files in a folder
await invalidateCache(['uploads/*']);

Domande frequenti

Devo consentire l'accesso pubblico al mio bucket S3?

Solo per hosting di siti web statici o risorse veramente pubbliche. Mantieni il bucket privato e usa URL prefirmate.

Per quanto tempo devono essere valide le URL prefirmate?

15-30 minuti per le URL di upload. La durata massima è di 7 giorni.

Come ridurre i costi di archiviazione S3?

Usa S3 Intelligent-Tiering e regole del ciclo di vita.

Cos'è il multipart upload?

Il multipart upload divide i file grandi in parti caricate in parallelo. Consigliato per file superiori a 100 MB.

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