Una gestione robusta degli errori distingue il JavaScript pronto per la produzione dai demo fragili. Questa guida copre i pattern try/catch, la gestione degli errori async e le classi di errore personalizzate.
Fondamentali di try/catch
Il blocco try/catch/finally รจ la base della gestione sincrona degli errori in JavaScript.
// try/catch/finally fundamentals
// Basic structure
try {
const data = JSON.parse(userInput); // Can throw SyntaxError
processData(data);
} catch (error) {
if (error instanceof SyntaxError) {
console.error('Invalid JSON:', error.message);
} else {
throw error; // Re-throw errors you can't handle here
}
} finally {
cleanup(); // Always runs โ use for resource cleanup
}
// What catch does NOT catch:
// 1. Errors in async callbacks (use async/await instead)
// 2. Errors in setTimeout/setInterval
// 3. Errors in event handlers
// Wrong: setTimeout error is not caught
try {
setTimeout(() => {
throw new Error('This is NOT caught by outer try/catch');
}, 100);
} catch (e) {
// This never runs
}
// Right: wrap async code
setTimeout(() => {
try {
throw new Error('This IS caught');
} catch (e) {
console.error(e);
}
}, 100);
// Distinguishing error types
function handleError(error) {
if (error instanceof TypeError) {
// Null dereference, wrong type
} else if (error instanceof RangeError) {
// Array out of bounds, recursion limit
} else if (error instanceof NetworkError) {
// Custom: network failure
} else {
// Unknown: re-throw
throw error;
}
}Gestione degli errori async/await
Le funzioni async restituiscono Promise, quindi gli errori devono essere catturati diversamente.
// Async/Await Error Handling
// 1. Basic async error handling
async function fetchUser(id) {
try {
const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`);
}
return await response.json();
} catch (error) {
if (error.name === 'AbortError') {
console.log('Request was aborted');
return null;
}
throw error; // Re-throw for caller to handle
}
}
// 2. Handling multiple async operations
async function loadDashboard(userId) {
// Run in parallel, catch errors individually
const [user, posts, stats] = await Promise.allSettled([
fetchUser(userId),
fetchPosts(userId),
fetchStats(userId),
]);
return {
user: user.status === 'fulfilled' ? user.value : null,
posts: posts.status === 'fulfilled' ? posts.value : [],
stats: stats.status === 'fulfilled' ? stats.value : {},
errors: [user, posts, stats]
.filter(r => r.status === 'rejected')
.map(r => r.reason),
};
}
// 3. Async error handling utility
async function tryCatchAsync<T>(
promise: Promise<T>
): Promise<[T | null, Error | null]> {
try {
const data = await promise;
return [data, null];
} catch (error) {
return [null, error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error))];
}
}
// Usage: avoids nested try/catch
const [user, error] = await tryCatchAsync(fetchUser(id));
if (error) {
console.error('Failed to fetch user:', error.message);
return;
}
console.log(user.name);Classi di errore personalizzate
Le classi di errore personalizzate abilitano la gestione strutturata degli errori.
// Custom Error Classes
class AppError extends Error {
public readonly code: string;
public readonly statusCode: number;
public readonly isOperational: boolean;
constructor(
message: string,
code: string,
statusCode = 500,
isOperational = true
) {
super(message);
this.name = this.constructor.name;
this.code = code;
this.statusCode = statusCode;
this.isOperational = isOperational;
// Maintains proper prototype chain (important for instanceof)
Object.setPrototypeOf(this, new.target.prototype);
// Captures stack trace (V8 only)
if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor);
}
}
}
class ValidationError extends AppError {
public readonly fields: Record<string, string[]>;
constructor(message: string, fields: Record<string, string[]> = {}) {
super(message, 'VALIDATION_ERROR', 400);
this.fields = fields;
}
}
class NotFoundError extends AppError {
constructor(resource: string, id: string | number) {
super(`${resource} with id ${id} not found`, 'NOT_FOUND', 404);
}
}
class NetworkError extends AppError {
public readonly url: string;
constructor(message: string, url: string) {
super(message, 'NETWORK_ERROR', 503);
this.url = url;
}
}
// Usage
function findUser(id: number) {
const user = db.find(id);
if (!user) throw new NotFoundError('User', id);
return user;
}
// Error type checking
try {
findUser(999);
} catch (error) {
if (error instanceof NotFoundError) {
res.status(404).json({ error: error.message, code: error.code });
} else if (error instanceof ValidationError) {
res.status(400).json({ error: error.message, fields: error.fields });
} else {
// Unknown error โ log and return 500
logger.error('Unexpected error', { error });
res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
}
}Gestori di errori globali
Alcuni errori sfuggono ai blocchi try/catch locali. I gestori globali sono la tua ultima difesa.
// Global Error Handlers
// Browser: uncaught synchronous errors
window.onerror = (message, source, lineno, colno, error) => {
console.error('Uncaught error:', { message, source, lineno, colno, error });
reportToSentry(error);
return true; // Prevents default browser error dialog
};
// Browser: unhandled promise rejections
window.addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => {
console.error('Unhandled promise rejection:', event.reason);
reportToSentry(event.reason);
event.preventDefault(); // Prevents console error
});
// Node.js: uncaught exceptions
process.on('uncaughtException', (error) => {
console.error('Uncaught exception:', error);
reportToSentry(error);
// Exit after logging โ cannot safely continue after uncaughtException
process.exit(1);
});
// Node.js: unhandled promise rejections
process.on('unhandledRejection', (reason, promise) => {
console.error('Unhandled rejection at:', promise, 'reason:', reason);
reportToSentry(reason instanceof Error ? reason : new Error(String(reason)));
});
// Express.js: error middleware (must have 4 params)
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
const statusCode = err.statusCode || 500;
const isOperational = err.isOperational || false;
if (!isOperational) {
// Unexpected error โ log full details
console.error('Unexpected error:', err);
reportToSentry(err, { url: req.url, method: req.method });
}
res.status(statusCode).json({
error: {
message: isOperational ? err.message : 'Internal server error',
code: err.code || 'INTERNAL_ERROR',
},
});
});Domande frequenti
Devo catturare ogni errore?
No. Cattura solo gli errori che puoi gestire in modo significativo al livello corrente.
Qual รจ la differenza tra throw e throw new Error()?
Lanciare oggetti non-Error perde lo stack trace. Usa sempre new Error().
Come gestire gli errori in Promise.all()?
Promise.all() rifiuta non appena una promise viene rifiutata. Usa Promise.allSettled() per tutti i risultati.
Cosa includere nei messaggi di errore?
I messaggi devono essere specifici. Non includere mai dati sensibili.