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Webpack 5設定ガイド:ローダー、プラグイン、コード分割

13分by DevToolBox

Webpack 5は大規模な本番アプリケーションの主要バンドラーです。このガイドは基本的なローダーからバンドルサイズを40-60%削減する高度な最適化技術まで解説します。

Webpack 5の基礎とエントリー/出力

webpack.config.jsファイルはすべてのバンドル動作を制御します。

// webpack.config.js — Complete Production Config

const path = require('path');
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
const MiniCssExtractPlugin = require('mini-css-extract-plugin');
const { BundleAnalyzerPlugin } = require('webpack-bundle-analyzer');
const TerserPlugin = require('terser-webpack-plugin');
const CssMinimizerPlugin = require('css-minimizer-webpack-plugin');

const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production';

module.exports = {
  mode: isDev ? 'development' : 'production',

  entry: {
    main: './src/index.tsx',
    // Multiple entry points for different pages
    // admin: './src/admin/index.tsx',
  },

  output: {
    path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
    filename: isDev ? '[name].js' : '[name].[contenthash:8].js',
    chunkFilename: isDev ? '[name].chunk.js' : '[name].[contenthash:8].chunk.js',
    assetModuleFilename: 'assets/[hash:8][ext][query]',
    clean: true,   // Remove old files on each build
    publicPath: '/',
  },

  resolve: {
    extensions: ['.tsx', '.ts', '.js', '.jsx', '.json'],
    alias: {
      '@': path.resolve(__dirname, 'src'),
      '@components': path.resolve(__dirname, 'src/components'),
    },
  },

  // Persistent filesystem cache — huge speed improvement for incremental builds
  cache: {
    type: 'filesystem',
    buildDependencies: {
      config: [__filename], // Invalidate cache when config changes
    },
  },

  devServer: {
    port: 3000,
    hot: true,
    historyApiFallback: true,
    compress: true,
  },
};

重要なローダー

ローダーはファイルが依存関係グラフに追加される前に変換します。

// Essential Webpack Loaders Configuration

module.exports = {
  module: {
    rules: [
      // 1. TypeScript/JavaScript with Babel
      {
        test: /\.(ts|tsx|js|jsx)$/,
        exclude: /node_modules/,
        use: {
          loader: 'babel-loader',
          options: {
            presets: [
              ['@babel/preset-env', { targets: '>0.25%, not dead' }],
              ['@babel/preset-react', { runtime: 'automatic' }],
              '@babel/preset-typescript',
            ],
            // Cache Babel results for faster rebuilds
            cacheDirectory: true,
            cacheCompression: false,
          },
        },
      },

      // 2. CSS / SCSS / PostCSS
      {
        test: /\.module\.(css|scss)$/,  // CSS Modules
        use: [
          isDev ? 'style-loader' : MiniCssExtractPlugin.loader,
          {
            loader: 'css-loader',
            options: { modules: true, importLoaders: 2 },
          },
          'postcss-loader',
          'sass-loader',
        ],
      },
      {
        test: /(?!\.module)\.(css|scss)$/,  // Global CSS
        use: [
          isDev ? 'style-loader' : MiniCssExtractPlugin.loader,
          'css-loader',
          'postcss-loader',
          'sass-loader',
        ],
      },

      // 3. Images and fonts (Webpack 5 Asset Modules — no loader needed)
      {
        test: /\.(png|jpg|jpeg|gif|webp)$/i,
        type: 'asset',  // Auto-chooses between inline and resource
        parser: {
          dataUrlCondition: { maxSize: 10 * 1024 }, // Inline if < 10KB
        },
      },
      {
        test: /\.svg$/,
        use: ['@svgr/webpack'],  // Import SVGs as React components
      },
      {
        test: /\.(woff|woff2|eot|ttf|otf)$/i,
        type: 'asset/resource',
      },
    ],
  },
};

コード分割とレイジーローディング

コード分割はWebpackの最も重要な最適化機能です。

// Code Splitting and Lazy Loading

// 1. Dynamic imports (automatic code splitting)
// React.lazy creates a separate chunk for each lazy component
import React, { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';
import { Routes, Route } from 'react-router-dom';

const Dashboard = lazy(() => import('./pages/Dashboard'));
const Settings = lazy(() => import('./pages/Settings'));
const Analytics = lazy(() => import('./pages/Analytics'));

function App() {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
      <Routes>
        <Route path="/dashboard" element={<Dashboard />} />
        <Route path="/settings" element={<Settings />} />
        <Route path="/analytics" element={<Analytics />} />
      </Routes>
    </Suspense>
  );
}

// 2. Manual chunk naming with magic comments
const HeavyChart = lazy(
  () => import(/* webpackChunkName: "charts" */ './components/HeavyChart')
);

// 3. Webpack SplitChunksPlugin configuration
module.exports = {
  optimization: {
    splitChunks: {
      chunks: 'all',
      cacheGroups: {
        // Vendor chunk: node_modules
        vendor: {
          test: /[\\/]node_modules[\\/]/,
          name: 'vendors',
          chunks: 'all',
          priority: 20,
        },
        // Separate React from other vendors
        react: {
          test: /[\\/]node_modules[\\/](react|react-dom|react-router)[\\/]/,
          name: 'react-vendor',
          chunks: 'all',
          priority: 30,
        },
        // Shared chunks used by 2+ modules
        common: {
          name: 'common',
          minChunks: 2,
          priority: 10,
          reuseExistingChunk: true,
        },
      },
    },
    runtimeChunk: 'single',  // Separate runtime chunk
  },
};

本番最適化

本番ビルドにはバンドルサイズを最小化するための積極的な最適化が必要です。

// Production Optimization Configuration
module.exports = {
  optimization: {
    minimize: true,
    minimizer: [
      new TerserPlugin({
        parallel: true,  // Use all CPU cores
        terserOptions: {
          compress: {
            drop_console: true,    // Remove console.log in production
            drop_debugger: true,
            pure_funcs: ['console.log'],
          },
          format: { comments: false },
        },
      }),
      new CssMinimizerPlugin(),
    ],
    // Tree shaking — only include used exports
    usedExports: true,
    sideEffects: true,  // Respect package.json sideEffects field
  },

  plugins: [
    new MiniCssExtractPlugin({
      filename: 'css/[name].[contenthash:8].css',
    }),
    new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
      template: './public/index.html',
      minify: {
        removeComments: true,
        collapseWhitespace: true,
        removeAttributeQuotes: true,
      },
    }),
    // Only add analyzer when needed: ANALYZE=true npm run build
    process.env.ANALYZE && new BundleAnalyzerPlugin(),
  ].filter(Boolean),
};

よくある質問

いつWebpackを使うべきか?

Module Federation、大規模既存コードベース、IE11サポートが必要な場合はWebpackを選んでください。

WebpackバンドルサイズはどうやってAnalysis?

webpack-bundle-analyzerを使って、バンドルサイズを消費しているものをインタラクティブに可視化してください。

Webpack 5のModule Federationとは?

Module Federationは複数のWebpackビルドが実行時にコードを共有できるようにします。マイクロフロントエンドのアーキテクチャです。

なぜWebpackビルドが遅いのか?

一般的な原因:永続的なキャッシングなし、ローダーが多すぎる、node_modulesを除外しないbabel-loader。

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