Partial, Required 및 Readonly

These three utility types transform the mutability and optionality of every property at once. They are the most commonly used utility types in TypeScript codebases.

interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  email: string;
  age: number;
}

// Partial<T> - makes all properties optional
type UserUpdate = Partial<User>;
// { id?: number; name?: string; email?: string; age?: number }

function updateUser(id: number, data: Partial<User>): User {
  return { ...getCurrentUser(id), ...data };
}
updateUser(1, { name: 'Alice' }); // OK - only update name

// Required<T> - makes all properties required
interface Config {
  host?: string;
  port?: number;
  timeout?: number;
}
type StrictConfig = Required<Config>;
// { host: string; port: number; timeout: number }

// Readonly<T> - makes all properties readonly
type ImmutableUser = Readonly<User>;
const user: ImmutableUser = { id: 1, name: 'Alice', email: 'a@b.com', age: 30 };
// user.name = 'Bob'; // Error: Cannot assign to 'name' because it is read-only

// Deep Readonly (custom utility)
type DeepReadonly<T> = {
  readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends object ? DeepReadonly<T[K]> : T[K];
};

Pick, Omit 및 Extract

Pick and Omit let you create new types by selecting or removing properties. Extract and Exclude operate on union types. These are essential for creating DTOs (Data Transfer Objects) and API shapes.

interface Product {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  price: number;
  stock: number;
  category: string;
  description: string;
}

// Pick<T, K> - select only the specified keys
type ProductCard = Pick<Product, 'id' | 'name' | 'price'>;
// { id: number; name: string; price: number }

// Useful for API response shaping
function getProductCard(p: Product): ProductCard {
  return { id: p.id, name: p.name, price: p.price };
}

// Omit<T, K> - remove specified keys
type ProductForm = Omit<Product, 'id' | 'stock'>;
// { name: string; price: number; category: string; description: string }

// Exclude<T, U> - from union type, exclude assignable to U
type Direction = 'north' | 'south' | 'east' | 'west';
type Horizontal = Exclude<Direction, 'north' | 'south'>;
// 'east' | 'west'

// Extract<T, U> - from union type, keep only assignable to U
type Vertical = Extract<Direction, 'north' | 'south'>;
// 'north' | 'south'

// NonNullable<T> - removes null and undefined
type MaybeString = string | null | undefined;
type DefiniteString = NonNullable<MaybeString>;
// string

Record 및 매핑된 타입

Record creates object types with a fixed set of keys. Mapped types iterate over union types or object keys to transform every property systematically.

// Record<K, V> - create object type with known keys
type Role = 'admin' | 'user' | 'guest';
type Permissions = Record<Role, string[]>;

const permissions: Permissions = {
  admin: ['read', 'write', 'delete'],
  user:  ['read', 'write'],
  guest: ['read'],
};

// Record with nested types
type ApiResponse<T> = Record<string, T>;
type UserMap = Record<number, User>;

// Mapped Types - transform every property
type Nullable<T> = { [K in keyof T]: T[K] | null };
type Optional<T> = { [K in keyof T]?: T[K] };
type Stringify<T> = { [K in keyof T]: string };

// Mapped types with modifiers
type Mutable<T> = { -readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K] }; // remove readonly
type Complete<T> = { [K in keyof T]-?: T[K] };         // remove optional

// Remapping keys with 'as'
type Getters<T> = {
  [K in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<string & K>}`]: () => T[K];
};
type UserGetters = Getters<User>;
// { getId: () => number; getName: () => string; ... }

ReturnType 및 함수 유틸리티

Function utility types let you extract type information from functions and classes without duplicating type definitions. They're especially useful when working with third-party libraries that don't export their types.

// ReturnType<T> - extract return type of a function
function createUser(name: string, email: string) {
  return { id: Math.random(), name, email, createdAt: new Date() };
}
type CreatedUser = ReturnType<typeof createUser>;
// { id: number; name: string; email: string; createdAt: Date }

// Parameters<T> - extract parameter types as tuple
type CreateUserParams = Parameters<typeof createUser>;
// [name: string, email: string]

// ConstructorParameters<T> - for class constructors
class Server {
  constructor(public host: string, public port: number) {}
}
type ServerArgs = ConstructorParameters<typeof Server>;
// [host: string, port: number]

// InstanceType<T> - get instance type from constructor
type ServerInstance = InstanceType<typeof Server>;
// Server

// Awaited<T> - unwrap Promise types
type UserPromise = Promise<User>;
type ResolvedUser = Awaited<UserPromise>;
// User

async function fetchUser(): Promise<User> { /* ... */ return {} as User; }
type FetchResult = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fetchUser>>;
// User

조건부 타입과 Infer

Conditional types express if-else logic at the type level. The infer keyword lets you capture and name types within conditional expressions, enabling powerful type extraction patterns.

// Conditional Types
type IsArray<T> = T extends any[] ? true : false;
type CheckString = IsArray<string>;  // false
type CheckArray  = IsArray<string[]>; // true

// infer - extract type from generic
type UnpackArray<T> = T extends (infer U)[] ? U : T;
type StringItem = UnpackArray<string[]>; // string
type NumberItem  = UnpackArray<number>;  // number

// Extract Promise value
type UnpackPromise<T> = T extends Promise<infer U> ? U : T;
type PromiseValue = UnpackPromise<Promise<number>>; // number

// Get first element of tuple
type First<T extends any[]> = T extends [infer F, ...any[]] ? F : never;
type Head = First<[string, number, boolean]>; // string

// Distributive conditional types
type Flatten<T> = T extends Array<infer U> ? U : T;
type Mixed = Flatten<string[] | number | boolean[]>;
// string | number | boolean

유틸리티 타입 조합

The real power of utility types comes from combining them. Here's a real-world example showing how to build a complete API type system from a single source type:

// Real-world example: API layer with combined utility types

interface ApiUser {
  id: number;
  username: string;
  email: string;
  password: string;   // should never leave server
  createdAt: string;
  updatedAt: string;
}

// Safe user for frontend (strip sensitive fields)
type SafeUser = Omit<ApiUser, 'password'>;

// User creation form (no server-generated fields)
type CreateUserDto = Omit<ApiUser, 'id' | 'createdAt' | 'updatedAt'>;

// Patch request - all fields optional except id
type PatchUserDto = Partial<Omit<ApiUser, 'id'>> & Pick<ApiUser, 'id'>;

// Validation errors map
type ValidationErrors<T> = Partial<Record<keyof T, string>>;
type UserErrors = ValidationErrors<CreateUserDto>;
// { username?: string; email?: string; password?: string }

// Generic API response wrapper
type ApiResult<T, E = string> =
  | { success: true; data: T }
  | { success: false; error: E };

type UserResult = ApiResult<SafeUser>;

자주 묻는 질문

결론

TypeScript utility types are force multipliers for your type system. Instead of maintaining dozens of similar interfaces that drift out of sync, define one source-of-truth type and derive all variants with Partial, Pick, Omit, and friends. Your codebase becomes easier to maintain and refactor as requirements change.

Start by auditing your codebase for interfaces that are near-duplicates of each other — those are prime candidates for utility type refactoring. Tools like the viadreams.cc JSON formatter and diff tool can help you compare complex type structures visually.

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