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Avancerade CSS Custom Properties: Teman, Komponentvarianter

10 minby DevToolBox

CSS Custom Properties har gÄtt lÄngt bortom enkelt fÀrgbyte. Den hÀr guiden utforskar de avancerade mönstren som gör CSS Custom Properties till en av de mest kraftfulla funktionerna i modern CSS.

Grunderna i Custom Properties

Custom Properties definieras med -- prefixet och nÄs med var()-funktionen.

/* CSS Custom Properties — Fundamentals */

/* Define properties on :root for global scope */
:root {
  --color-primary: #0066cc;
  --color-primary-dark: #0052a3;
  --spacing-unit: 8px;
  --font-size-base: 1rem;
  --border-radius: 4px;
}

/* Use with var() */
.button {
  background-color: var(--color-primary);
  padding: calc(var(--spacing-unit) * 1.5) calc(var(--spacing-unit) * 3);
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
  font-size: var(--font-size-base);
}

/* Override at component scope (not global) */
.button.danger {
  --color-primary: #cc0000;  /* Only affects this button */
  --color-primary-dark: #990000;
}

/* Fallback value (second argument to var) */
.card {
  background: var(--card-bg, white);
  color: var(--card-text, var(--color-text, #333));  /* nested fallback */
  padding: var(--card-padding, var(--spacing-unit, 8px));
}

Design token-temingssystem

Den mest kraftfulla anvÀndningen av Custom Properties Àr att bygga ett komplett design token-system.

/* Multi-Theme System with CSS Custom Properties */

/* Light theme (default) */
:root {
  --color-bg: #ffffff;
  --color-surface: #f8f9fa;
  --color-border: #e2e8f0;
  --color-text-primary: #1a202c;
  --color-text-secondary: #718096;
  --color-accent: #3182ce;
  --color-accent-hover: #2c5282;
  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  --transition-fast: 150ms ease;
}

/* Dark theme — override only what changes */
[data-theme="dark"] {
  --color-bg: #1a202c;
  --color-surface: #2d3748;
  --color-border: #4a5568;
  --color-text-primary: #f7fafc;
  --color-text-secondary: #a0aec0;
  --color-accent: #63b3ed;
  --color-accent-hover: #90cdf4;
  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
  --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
}

/* High-contrast theme */
[data-theme="high-contrast"] {
  --color-bg: #000000;
  --color-text-primary: #ffffff;
  --color-accent: #ffff00;
  --color-border: #ffffff;
}

/* System preference auto-detection */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root:not([data-theme="light"]) {
    --color-bg: #1a202c;
    --color-text-primary: #f7fafc;
    /* ... more overrides */
  }
}

/* Components use semantic tokens — never raw colors */
.card {
  background: var(--color-surface);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  color: var(--color-text-primary);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
  transition: box-shadow var(--transition-fast);
}

Komponentvarianter med Custom Properties

Custom Properties möjliggör mer flexibla komponentvariantsystem.

/* Component Variant System */

/* Button component with custom property API */
.btn {
  /* Default values (the component's "API") */
  --btn-bg: var(--color-accent);
  --btn-bg-hover: var(--color-accent-hover);
  --btn-color: white;
  --btn-border: transparent;
  --btn-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  --btn-size: 1rem;
  --btn-padding-y: 0.5em;
  --btn-padding-x: 1em;
  --btn-radius: var(--border-radius);

  background: var(--btn-bg);
  color: var(--btn-color);
  border: 1px solid var(--btn-border);
  box-shadow: var(--btn-shadow);
  font-size: var(--btn-size);
  padding: var(--btn-padding-y) var(--btn-padding-x);
  border-radius: var(--btn-radius);
  transition: background var(--transition-fast);
}

.btn:hover {
  background: var(--btn-bg-hover);
}

/* Variants — only override what changes */
.btn-danger {
  --btn-bg: #e53e3e;
  --btn-bg-hover: #c53030;
}

.btn-outline {
  --btn-bg: transparent;
  --btn-bg-hover: var(--color-accent);
  --btn-color: var(--color-accent);
  --btn-border: var(--color-accent);
}

.btn-sm {
  --btn-size: 0.875rem;
  --btn-padding-y: 0.375em;
  --btn-padding-x: 0.75em;
}

.btn-lg {
  --btn-size: 1.125rem;
  --btn-padding-y: 0.75em;
  --btn-padding-x: 1.5em;
}

/* Caller overrides — no need for a new variant class */
.special-hero .btn {
  --btn-bg: gold;
  --btn-color: black;
  --btn-radius: 50px;
}

JavaScript-interoperabilitet

Custom Properties förbinder CSS och JavaScript sömlöst.

// JavaScript <-> CSS Custom Properties

// 1. Read a custom property value
const root = document.documentElement;
const primaryColor = getComputedStyle(root)
  .getPropertyValue('--color-primary')
  .trim();
console.log(primaryColor); // '#0066cc'

// 2. Set a custom property from JavaScript
root.style.setProperty('--color-primary', '#ff6600');

// 3. Remove a custom property
root.style.removeProperty('--color-primary');

// 4. Theme switcher
function setTheme(theme) {
  document.documentElement.dataset.theme = theme;
  localStorage.setItem('theme', theme);
}

// 5. Animate with custom properties (requires @property)
// CSS:
// @property --progress {
//   syntax: '<number>';
//   initial-value: 0;
//   inherits: false;
// }
// .progress-bar {
//   width: calc(var(--progress) * 1%);
//   transition: --progress 1s ease;
// }

// JavaScript:
function animateProgress(el, from, to) {
  el.style.setProperty('--progress', from);
  requestAnimationFrame(() => {
    el.style.setProperty('--progress', to);
  });
}

// 6. Reactive properties with ResizeObserver
const observer = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
  for (const entry of entries) {
    const { width, height } = entry.contentRect;
    entry.target.style.setProperty('--el-width', `${width}px`);
    entry.target.style.setProperty('--el-height', `${height}px`);
  }
});
observer.observe(document.querySelector('.responsive-component'));

Vanliga frÄgor

Är CSS Custom Properties samma sak som SASS-variabler?

Nej, de Àr fundamentalt olika. SASS-variabler kompileras vid byggtid.

Kan CSS Custom Properties animeras?

Ja, med @property (Houdini).

Vad Àr fallback-vÀrdet i var()?

Det andra argumentet till var() Àr en fallback nÀr egenskapen inte Àr definierad.

Fungerar de i alla moderna webblÀsare?

Ja, fullt webblÀsarstöd sedan 2017.

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